CHAPTER 5
DOCUMENTATION: PREPARING THE LIST OF WORKED CITED
5.1.
DOCUMENTING SOURCES
Nearly all research builds on previous research. Researchers commonly begin a project by studying past work in the area and deriving relevant information and ideas from their predecessors. This process is largely responsible for the continual expansion of human knowledge. In presenting their work, researchers generously acknowledge their debts to predecessors by carefully documenting each source, so that earlier contributions receive appropriate credit.
As you prepare your paper, you should similarly seek to build on the work of previous writers and researchers. And whenever you draw on another's work, you must also document your source by indicating what you borrowed—whether facts, opinions, or quotations—and where you borrowed it from. If you have not already done so, read carefully the earlier section on plagiarism (ch. 2) to learn what you must document in your paper.
5.2.
MLA STYLE
In MLA documentation style, you acknowledge your sources by keying brief parenthetical citations in your text to an alphabetical list of works that appears at the end of the paper. The parenthetical citation that concludes the following sentence is typical of MLA style.
Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).
The citation "(Marcuse 197)" tells readers that the information in the sentence was derived from page 197 of a work by an author named Marcuse. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the works-cited list, where, under the name Marcuse, they would find the following information.
Marcuse,
Sibyl. A Survey of Musical Instruments.
This
entry states that the work's author is Sibyl Marcuse and its title is A Survey
of Musical Instruments. The remaining information relates, in shortened form,
that the work was published in
A citation in MLA style contains only enough information to enable readers to find the source in the works-cited list. If the author's name is mentioned in the text, only the page number appears in the citation: "(197)." If more than one work by the author is in the list of works cited, a shortened version of the title is given: "(Marcuse, Survey 197)." (See ch. 6 for a fuller discussion of parenthetical citations in MLA style.)
MLA style is not the only way to document sources. Many disciplines have their own documentation systems. MLA style is widely used in the humanities. Although generally simpler and more economical than other documentation styles, it shares with most others its central feature: parenthetical citations keyed to a works-cited list. If you learn MLA documentation style at an early stage in your school career, you will probably have little difficulty in adapting to other styles.
Documentation styles differ according to discipline because they are shaped by the kind of research and scholarship undertaken. For example, in the sciences, where timeliness of research is crucial, the date of publication is usually given prominence. Thus, in the style recommended by the American Psychological Association (APA), a typical citation includes the date of publication (as well as the abbreviation p. before the page number). Compare APA and MLA parenthetical citations for the same source.
APA
(Marcuse, 1975, p. 197) MLA
(Marcuse 197)
In the humanities, where most important scholarship remains relevant for a substantial period, publication dates receive less attention: though always stated in the works-cited list, they are omitted in parenthetical references. An important reason for this omission is that many humanities scholars like to keep their texts as readable and as free of disruptions as possible.
In an entry for a hook in an APA-style works-cited list, the date (in parentheses) immediately follows the name of the author (whose first name is written only as an initial), just the first word of the title is capitalized, and the publisher's full name is generally provided. In APA style, the titles of books and journals are italicized.
APA
Marcuse,
S. (1975). A survey of musical instruments.
By contrast, in an MLA-style entry, the author's name appears as given in the work (normally in full), every important word of the title is capitalized, the publisher's name is shortened, and the publication date is placed at the end. A hook title is underlined (on underlining vs. italics, see 3.3). In both styles, the first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and second and subsequent lines are indented.
MLA
Marcuse,
Sibyl. A Survey of Musical Instruments.
1975.
Chapters 5 and 6 offer an authoritative and comprehensive presentation of MLA style. For descriptions of other systems of documentation, including one using endnotes and footnotes, see appendix.
5.3.
THE LIST OF WORKS CITED AND OTHER SOURCE LISTS
Although the list of works cited appears at the end of your paper, you need to draft the section in advance, so that you will know what information to give in parenthetical references as you write. For example, you have to include shortened titles if you cite two or more works by the same author. and you have to add initials or first names if two of the cited authors have the same last name: "(K. Roemer 123—24)." "(M. Roemer 67)." This chapter therefore explains how to prepare a list of works cited, and the next chapter demonstrates how to document sources where you use them in your text.
As the heading Works Cited indicates, this list contains all the works that you will cite in your text. The list simplifies documentation by permitting you to make only brief references to these works in the text. For example, when you have the following entry in your list of works cited, a citation such as "(Thompson 32—35)" fully identifies your source to readers (provided that you cite no other work by an author with the same last name). '
Thompson,
Stith. The Folktale.
Other names for such a listing are Bibliography (literally, "description of books") and Literuture Cited. Usually, however, the broader title Works Cited is most appropriate, since research papers often draw not only on books and articles but also on films, recordings, television programs, and other nonprint sources.
Titles used for other kinds of source lists include Annotated Bibliography, Works Consulted, and Selected Bibliography. An annotated bibliography, also called Annotated List of Works Cited, contains descriptive or evaluative comments on the sources. (For more information on such listings, see James L. Harner, On Compiling an Annotated Bibliography, 2nd ed. [New York: MLA, 20001.)
Thompson,
Stith. The Folktale.
The title Works Consulted indicates that the list is not confined to works cited in the paper. The heading Selected Bibliography, or Selected List of Works Consulted, is appropriate for lists suggesting readings in the field.
5.4.
FORMAT OF THE LIST OF WORKS CITED
The list of works cited appears at the end of the paper. Begin the list on a new page and number each page, continuing the page numbers of the text. For example, if the text of your research paper ends on page 10. the works-cited list begins on page 11. The page number appears in the upper right-hand corner, half an inch from the top and flush with the right margin (see fig. 14, on the next page). Center the title, Works Cited, an inch from the top of the page. Double-space between the title and the first entry. Begin each entry flush with the left margin; if an entry runs more than one line, indent the subsequent line or lines one-half inch (or five spaces if you are using a typewriter) from the left margin. This format is sometimes called hanging indention, and you can set your word processor to create it automatically for a group of paragraphs. Hanging indention makes alphabetical lists easier to use. Double-space the entire list, both between and within entries. Continue the list on as many pages as necessary

5.5. Arrangement
of Entries
In general, alphabetize entries in the list of works cited by the author's last name, using the letter-by-letter system. In this system, the alphabetical order of names is determined by the letters before the commas that separate last names and first names. Spaces and other punctuation marks are ignored. The letters after the commas are considered only when two or more last names are identical. The following examples are alphabetized letter by letter. (For more information on alphabetizing foreign names, see 3.11.)
Descartes, Rene De Sica,
Vittorio
MacDonald, George McCullers,
Carson
Morris, Robert Morris, William
Morrison, Toni
Saint-Exupery, Antoine de St.
Denis, Ruth
If two or more entries citing coauthors begin with the same name, alphabetize by the last names of the second authors listed.
Scholes, Robert, and Robert
Kellogg
Scholes, Robert, Carl H. Klaus,
and Michael Silverman Scholes, Robert, and Eric S. Rabkin
If the author's name is unknown, alphabetize by the title, ignoring any initial A, An, or The. For example, the title An Encyclopedia of the Latin-American Novel would be alphabetized under e rather than a. An alphabetical listing makes it easy for the reader to find the entry corresponding to a citation in the text.
Other kinds of bibliographies may be arranged differently. An annotated list, a list of works consulted, or a list of selected readings for a historical study, for example, may be organized chronologically by publication date. A list may be broken down into primary and secondary sources or into different research media (books, articles, recordings). Alternatively, it may be arranged by subject matter (literature and law, law in literature, law as literature by period (classical utopia, Renaissance utopia), or by area (Egyptian mythology, Greek mythology, Norse mythology).
5.6 CITING B00KS AND OTHER NONPERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS
The entries in MLA reference list characteristically have three main divisions:-
1.Author’s name 2.Title of the book 3.Publication information
1.Author’s name. Surname, First Name.
2.Title of the book. Title of the Book: subtitle of the Book.
3.Publication information. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
Sample Entry for a Book in reference list:
Aijazuddin,
F.S. Lahore recollected: an album.
The entries in MLA in text reference have two main divisions
Author’s last name and page number of publication
Sample Entry for a Book: In Text Reference:
(Aijazuddin 121)
NOTE:
References in the text must clearly point to specific sources in the list of works cited. Identify the location of borrowed information as specifically as possible. Some examples are given below,
5.6.1. Books with Single Author.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Aijazuddin 121 |
Aijazuddin, F.S. Lahore recollected:
an album. |
5.6.2. An Anthology or a Compilation.
To cite anthology or a compilation bibliography etc. that was edited or compiled by someone, use the abbreviations ed. for editor, and comp. for compiler, followed by a comma.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Abrams 29 |
Abrams, M. H. ed. The Norton anthology
of English literature. |
5.6.3. Two or More Books by the Same
Author
Give the name in the first entry only. Thereafter, in place of the name, type three hyphens, followed by a period and the title.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Burki 18 Burki 22 Burki 30 Burki 56 |
Burki, Shahid Javed. Study of Chniese Communes. ---.
---. ---, ed. A Historical Dictionary of |
5.6.4.
Books by Two Authors
Give the names of authors in the same order as on the title page. Reverse only the name of first author, add a comma, and give the other name in normal form (First name and last name).
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Singleton and Straits 96 |
Singleton, Royce A., and Bruce C.
Straits. Approaches to social research. |
5.6.5. Books by Three Authors
Give the names of authors in the same order as on the title page. Reverse only the name of first author, add a comma, and give the other names in normal form (First name and last name).
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Bodie, Kane, and Marcus 15 |
Bodie, Zvi,
Alex Kane, and Alan J. Marcus. Investments. |
5.6.6.
A Book by Corporate Author
A corporate author is any group whose individual members are not identified on the title page of publication. Corporate authors may be a commission, and association, or a committee etc. Do not reverse the corporate names.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
APA 15 |
American Psychological Association. Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association. 4th edition. |
5.6.7. A Work in an Anthology
To cite an essay, a short story, a poem, or another work that appears within an anthology or some other book collection, start the entry with the author and write the title of the piece in quotation marks. Italic the title of the anthology.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Allende 15 |
Allende, Isabel. “Toad’s Mouth.” Trans.
Margaret Sayers Feden. A Hammock beneath the Mangoes: Stories form Latin
America. Ed. Thomas Colchie. |
5.6.8. An Article in a Reference Book (Encyclopedia Entries etc.)
For
familiar reference book no need to give publication information.
If article is signed, give author’s name first, if it is unsigned give title first. Write the title of the piece in quotation marks. If articles are arranged alphabetically, you may omit the volume and page numbers.
|
In Text |
REF LIST |
|
(Smith 253) |
Smith, Bruce Lannes. "Propaganda." New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropedia. 15th ed. 1991 |
If you are citing a specific definition, among
several, add abbreviation def. for definition followed by the title of piece of
information.
|
In Text |
REF LIST |
|
( |
“ |
For
less familiar reference book give complete publication information.
|
In Text |
REF LIST |
|
Allen 16 |
Allen, Anita L. “Privacy in Health
Care.” Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Ed. warren T. Reich. Rev. ed. 5
Vols. |
5.6.9. An Introduction, a Preface, a Foreword, or
an Afterword
Use Introduction, Preface, Foreword, Afterword according to the cited piece of publication. If the writer of the piece and the work is the same, use the last name of the author after the title information starting with the word by
|
In Text |
REF LIST |
|
Borges vi |
Borges, Jorge Luis. Foreword. Selected
Poems, 1923-14967. By Borges. |
If the writer of the piece and the work are different, start with the name of author of the piece and use the name of author of the work, in normal form, after the title information starting with the word By.
|
In Text |
REF LIST |
|
|
Franklin, Phyllis. Foreword. MLA
Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. By Joseph Gibaldi. |
If introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword
has a title, give the title enclosed in quotation marks, immediately before the
name of piece.
|
In Text |
REF LIST |
|
Doody 3 |
Doody, Margaret Anne. “In Search of the
Ancient Novel.” Introduction. The True Story of the Novel. |
5.6.10. Cross-Reference
To avoid unnecessary repetition in citing two or more works from the same collection, you may create a complete entry for the collection and cross-reference individual pieces to the entry. In a cross-reference, state the author and the title of the piece, the last name of the editor of the collection, and the inclusive page numbers. If the piece is a translation, add the name of the translator after the title, unless one person translated the entire volume.
|
In Text |
REF LIST |
|
Agee 172 Atwan xv |
Agee, James. “ Atwan, Robert. Foreword. Oates and Atwan x-xvi. |
5.6.11. An Anonymous Book
Start the entry with the name of work. Ignore the articles (A, An, or The) in the order of the reference list.
|
In Text |
REF LIST |
|
Encyclopedia
of |
Encyclopedia of |
5.6.12. An Edition
Every published book is, in at least one sense, an edition: for example, a book may be a first edition, a second edition, and so forth. Researchers also use the term edition, however, to denote a work that was prepared for publication by someone other than the author-by an editor, for example, a 2003 printing of Shakespeare’s Hamlet was obviously not prepared for publication by Shakespeare. An editor selected a version of Hamlet from the various versions available, decided on any change in spelling or punctuation, and perhaps added explanatory notes or wrote an introduction, this 2003 version of Hamlet would be called and “edition,” and the editor’s name would most likely appear on the title page along with Shakespeare’s.
|
In Text |
REF LIST |
|
Shakespeare 15 |
Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed.
Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine. |
5.6.13. A Translation
Write the author of original work first after inverting his/her name. Then title of the work and then give the translator’s name, preceded by Trans (Translated By).
|
In Text |
REF LIST |
|
Dostoevsky 51 |
Dostoevsky, Feodor. Crime and
Punishment. Trans. David McDuff. |
5.6.14. A Book Published in a Second or
Subsequent Edition
Identify the edition in your entry by number (2nd ed., 3rd ed., 4th ed., 5th ed.) and use the abbreviations Rev. ed., for Revised edition,; Abr. Ed., for Abridged edition, or by year (2003 ed.)
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
(Aijazuddin 121) |
Aijazuddin,
F.S. Lahore recollected: an album.2nd ed. |
5.6.15. A Multivolume Work
Give the total numbers of volumes in the work, after the title information. Use the abbreviation Vols. for volumes. Specific References to volume and page numbers in the in text reference.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
(Blanco 3: 212-13) |
Blanco,
Richard L, ed. The American
Revolution, 1775-1783: An Encyclopedia. 2 vols. |
5.6.16. A Book in a Series
Give the series name and series numbers followed by a period, before the publication information. Use the abbreviation Ser. if series is part of the name of the Series.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
(Murck 14) |
Murck,
Alfreda. Poetry and Painting in Song |
5.6.17. A Republished Book
Examples of republished books are paperback version of a book originally published in a hard bound version or republished by another publisher. Give the original publication date (publication date of first edition) followed by a period, before the publication information.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
(Atwood 26) |
Atwood,
Margaret. The Blind Assassin. 2000. |
New material added to the republication, such as an introduction, should be cited after the original publication facts.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
(Dreiser 26) |
Dreiser,
Theodore. Sister Carrie. 1900. Introd. Richard Lingeman. |
If title change in reproduction, first state the new title and publication information and after it the original title followed by Rpt. of (Reprint of), and its publication information.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
The WPA Guide to 1930s |
The
WPA Guide to 1930s |
5.6.18. A Publisher’s Imprint
State the imprint and follow it by a hyphen and the name of the publisher.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Cassidy 35 |
Cassidy,
Frederic, ed. Dictionary of American Regional English. 3 vols. to
date. |
5.6.19. A Book with Multiple Publishers
If there are two or more publishers, not two or more offices of the same publisher, give their names in publication information and separate them by a semicolon between the two publishers
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Duff 53 |
Duff,
J. Wight. A Literary History of |
5.6.20. A Pamphlet
Give the title of the pamphlet and its publication information.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
|
|
5.6.21. A Government Publication
If author is not given on the publication cite the government agency that issued it as an author. State the name of government first and then the name of governmental agency.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Government of |
Government
of |
5.6.22. The Published Proceedings of a Conference
Treat these as a book, but add pertinent information about the conference (unless the book title includes such information)
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Chang, Liaw, and Ruppenhofer |
Ishaq,
A F M, and Adeel Ahmed. “Inexpensive
Software Internet Appliances.”. Proceedings of the Seminar on Embedded Systems, |
5.6.23. A Book in a Language Other than English
Cite these as books in English
Author’s name. Title of the book. Publication information.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Aijazuddin 121 |
Aijazuddin, F.S. Lahore recollected:
an album. |
5.6.24. A Book Published Before 1900
To cite these books you may omit the name of the publisher.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Dewey 12 |
Dewey,
John. The School and Society. |
5.6.25. A Book without Stated Publication Information or Pagination
Supply as much of the missing information as you can. For approximated date use c. (Circa= around)
If you are uncertain about the accuracy of the information you supply, add a question mark with that piece of information. Use the following abbreviations for information you cannot supply.
n.p. No place of publication given
n.p. No publisher given
n.d. No date of publication given
n. pag. No pagination given
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Photographic
View Album of |
Photographic
View Album of |
5.6.26. An Unpublished Dissertation
Give the title of dissertation in quotation marks. Do italic or underline the title. After the title write Diss. for Dissertation, MA/MS thesis for master’s thesis. In the publication information give the name of university and the year.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Boyle 19 |
Boyle, Anthony T. “The Epistemological Evolution or
Renaissance Utopian Literature, 1516-1657”. Diss. |
5.6.27. A Published Dissertation
Give the title of dissertation in italic. After the title write Diss. for Dissertation, MA/MS thesis for master’s thesis. After it write the name of university. You may add supplementary information at the end like order number etc.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Prellerton 62 |
Prllerton, Matida.Women’s Leadership
in the Public Schools: Towards a Feminist Educational Leadership Model.
Diss. |
5.7 CITING ARTICLES AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS IN
PERIODICALS
The entries in MLA reference (in text) have two main divisions
Author’s last name and page number of publication
Sample Entry for an article: In Text Reference: (Cohen 10)
The entries in MLA (Citing List) characteristically have three main divisions
Author’s name. “Title of the article.” Publication information.
Author’s name. Surname, First Name.
Title of the article Title of the article: subtitle of the article.
Publication information. Title of the publication, the volume number (year of publication): page numbers
Omit introductory articles in the title of the
journals (a, an, the). Do not use any abbreviation for Volume.
The possible components of an entry for an article
in a periodical is given below
Authors’ name
Title of the article
Name of the periodical
Series number or name
Volume number
Issue number
Date of publication
Page numbers supplementary information
5.7.1. An Article in a Scholarly Journal with
Continuous Pagination.
If pages are in this sequence
Volume 1
1st issue 1-202
2nd issue 203-400
3rd issue 401-556
4th issue 557-600
Volume 2
1st issue 1-198
2nd issue 199-415
3rd issue 416-510
4th issue 511-700
The journal belongs to this category
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Cohen 10 |
Cohen, Jerome B. “Economic development
in |
5.7.2. An Article in a Scholarly Journal That
Pages Each Issue Separately.
If pages are in this sequence
Volume 1
1st issue 1-202
2nd issue 1-198
3rd issue 1-223
4th issue 1-250
Volume 2
1st issue 1-198
2nd issue 1-221
3rd issue 1-119
4th issue 1-202
The journal belongs to this category. Add a period
and the issue number directly after the volume number without any intervening
space.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Cohen 10 |
Cohen, Jerome B. “Economic development
in |
5.7.3. An Article in a Scholarly Journal That Uses
Only Issue Numbers
Give issue numbers in place of volume number
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Cohen 10 |
Cohen, Jerome B. “Economic development
in |
5.7.4. An Article in a Scholarly Journal with More
Than One Series
Write the number of series in Arabic digit with
suffix (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th)
and the abbreviation ser. between title and the volume of the journal.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Daniels 10 |
Daniels, John. “Indian Population of |
5.7.5. An Article in a Newspaper
Omit introductory articles in the name of the
Newspaper (a, an, the). Give the city name for local newspapers. For national
or international Newspapers no need to give city name. Give the complete
date-day, month, and year. Use abbreviations for all the months except May,
June, and July. Give the edition if important. Write down the page numbers.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Syed 7 |
Syed, Anwar. “Concepts of justice.” Dawn |
5.7.6. An Article in a Magazine
To cite a magazine published every week or every
two weeks, give th3 completer date, followed by a colon and the inclusive page
number of the article.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Robinson 23 |
Robinson, Somon. “Endless War.” Time |
5.7.7. A Review
Give the reviewer’s name and the title of the
review, and then write Rev. of before the title of the work reviewed, a comma,
the word by, and the name of author.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Bordewich 10 |
Bordewich, Fergus M. Rev. of Once
They Moved Like the Wind: Cochise, Geronimo, and the Apache Wars, by
David Robert. |
5.7.8. An Abstract in an Abstracts Journal
Give the article information first and then the
relevant information for the journal from which you derived the abstract.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Apple 12 |
Apple, Michael W. “Away with All Teachers: The Cultural Politics of Home Schooling.” International Studies in Sociology of Education 10 (2000): 61-80. Sociological Abstracts 48 (2000). |
5.7.9. An Anonymous
Article
Begin the entry with the title of the article ignoring
the articles (a, an, the)
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Times 12 |
“It Barks! It Kicks! It Scores!” Newsweek
|
5.7.10. An Editorial
Begins with author’s name, then title, and then
the descriptive label editorial. If the editorial is unsigned, begin with the
title and continue in the same way.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Gergen 10 |
Gergen, David. “A Question of Values.”
Editorial. US News and World Report, |
5.7.11. A Letter
to Editor
Add the descriptive label letter after the name of
author.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Laghari 6 |
Laghari, Javaid. Letter. Dawn |
5.7.12. A Serialized
Article
Include all the bibliographic information in one
entry if each installment has the same author and title. Use semi colon between
the two bibliographic information.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Meserole |
Meserole, Harrison T., and James M. Rambeau. “Articles on American Literature Appearing in Current Periodicals.” American Literature 52 (1981): 688-705; 53 (1981): 164-80, 348-59. |
5.7.13. A Special
Issue
Begin the entry with the name of editor of the
special issue followed by a comma and the abbreviation ed. Give the title of
the special issue followed by “Spec. Issue of” and the name of journal. Then
give all the information required for a periodical entry.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Appiah 628 |
Appiah, Kwame Anthony, and Henery Louis
Gates, Jr., eds. Identities. Spec. issue of Critical Inquiry 18.4
(1992): 625-884. |
If the issue has be republished in book form, add
the relevant information about the book (Publication information for Books)
If you are citing one article from the special
issue, do not give the name of editor of the special issue. Start with the
author of the article and then title of the article in quotation marks. Give
the journal’s information on the previous pattern in special issue.
5.7.14. An Article in a Microform Collection of
Articles
Give the complete information about the article in
MLA Style and then add the relevant information concerning the microform from
which you derived the article i.e. title of source (Italic), volume number,
year (in parentheses), and appropriate identifying numbers.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Chapman |
Chapman, Dan. “Panel Could Help Protect
Children.” |
5.7.15. An Article Reprinted in Loose-Leaf Collection of Articles
Give the complete information about the article in
MLA Style and then add the relevant information concerning the loose-leaf
volume in which the article is reprinted, treating the volume like a book.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Edmondson |
Edmondson, Brad. “AIDS and Aging.” American
Demographics Mar. 1990: 28+. The AIDS Crisis. Ed. Eleanor Goldstein. Vol. 2. |
5.8
CITING MISCELLANEOUS PRINT AND NONPRINT SOURCES
5.8.1. A television or Radio Program
Give the information in the following order.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Nazim online |
Nazim online. Ajj TV. |
If your reference is primarily to the work of a
particular individual cite that person’s name before the title.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Welles |
Welles, Orson, dir. The War of the
Worlds. By H. G. Wells. Adapt. Howard Koch. Mercury Theatre on the Air.
CBS Radio. WCBS, |
To cite a transcript of a program, add the
description Transcript at the end of the entry.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Death and Society |
“Death and Society.” Narr. Joanne
Silberner. Weekend Edition Sunday. Natl. Public Radio. WUWM, |
To cite a music video for a song, begin the
information about the song that is given before or after the video: performer,
title of the song, title of album, name of manufacturer, and date of album.
Follow this information with the descriptive label “Music Video, the name of
the director of the video (if given), the channel, and the date you viewed the
video.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Springsteen |
Springsteen, Bruce. “Dancing in the
Dark.” Born in the |
5.8.2. A Sound
Recording
Give the name of person (the composer, conductor,
or performer) depends on the desired emphasis. Give the title of recording, the
artist or artists, the manufacturer, and the year of issue. Place a comma
between the manufacturer and the date; periods follow the other item. Indicate
medium before the manufacturer’s name.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Bagriel |
Bagriel, Peter. Passion: Music for The Last Temptation of Christ, a Film by Martin Scorsese. Rec. 1989. Geffen, 2002. |
If you are citing a specific song, place its title
in quotation marks.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Babriel |
Babriel, Peter. “A Different Drum.” Perf. Gabriel, Shankar, and Youssou N’Dour. Passion: Music for The Last Temptation of Christ, a Film by Martin Scorsese. Rec. 1989. Geffen, 2002. |
5.8.3. A Film or Video Recording
Give the title of the source (Italic). Give the
director, the distributor, and the year of release. All other necessary
information like writer, performers and producer etc. may be given between the
title and the distributor.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
It’s a wonderful life |
It’s a wonderful life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore, and Thomas Mitchell. RKO, 1946. |
5.8.4. A Performance
Give the title of play, opera, ballet, or concert,
then information about the director followed by the site of performance
(theater and city), and then date of performance.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
You never can tell |
You
Never Can Tell. By George
Bernard Shaw. Dir. Farhan Ebadat Yar Khan. GCU Dramatics Club, |
If you are citing the contribution of a particular
individual or group, begin with the appropriate name.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
|
Madiha
Gul, Perf. You Never Can Tell. By George Bernard Shaw. Dir. Farhan Ebadat
Yar Khan. GCU Dramatics Club, |
5.8.5. A Musical Composition
Give the composer’s name, the title of opera, a
ballet, or a piece of instrumental music identifies by name, number and key
when used to identify an instrumental composition. Give the publisher’s details
at the end.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Berloiz |
Berloiz,
Hector. Symphonie fantastique, op. 14. |
5.8.6. A Painting,
Sculpture, or Photograph
Give the artist’s name, the title of the work,
name the institution that houses the work (Museum etc.) or for a work in a
private collection, the individual who owns it, and follow the name by a comma
and the city.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Mojed |
Mojed,
Bashir. The Village. |
If the photograph has complete publication
information for the source in which the photograph appears, give also the
details of the same.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Cassatt |
Cassatt,
Mary. Mother and Child. |
5.8.7. An Interview
There are three kinds of interviews.
Begin with the name of person interviewed. If the
interview is part of a publication, recording, or program, enclose the title of
the interview, if any, in quotation marks and give other information as given
in earlier sections of this publication.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Musharraf |
Musharraf,
Pervez. Interview with Kamran Khan. AJJ Kamran Khan Kay Sath. Geo
News, |
If you do not want to use the name of interviewer
then use description interview after the name of person interviewed.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Musharraf |
Musharraf,
Pervez. Interview. AJJ Kamran Khan Kay Sath. Geo News, |
To cite an interview that you conducted, give the
name of the person interviewed, the kind of interview (personal, telephone,
E-mail etc.), and the date or dates.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Aftab |
Aftab,
Khalid. Personal interview. |
Cite like an anonymous book, and add the
appropriate descriptive label map, chart, etc.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
|
GCU
|
5.8.9. A Cartoon or Comic Strip
Give the artist’s name, title of the cartoon or comic
strip (in quotation marks) and appropriate descriptive label. At the end give
the publication information.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Iqbal |
Iqbal,
Javed. Cartoon. Jung. |
5.8.10. An Advertisement
Give the name of product, company, or institution
that is the subject of the advertisement, followed by the descriptive label
advertisement, and conclude with the usual publication information.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Nestle |
Nestle. Advertisement. PTV 1. 3Sep. 2006. |
5.8.11. A Lecture,
a Speech, an Address, or a
Give the name of speaker; the title of the
presentation in quotation marks; the meeting and the sponsoring organization;
the location; and the date. If there is no title, use an appropriate
descriptive label. (Address, Lecture, Keynote Speech, Reading etc.)
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Hyman |
Hyman,
Earle. Reading of Shakespeare’s Othello. Symphony Space, |
5.8.12. A Manuscript or Typescript
Give the author, the title or description of the
material (e.g. Notebook), the form of the material (use ms. for manuscript, ts.
for a typescript), and any identifying number assigned to it. Give the name and
location of any library or other research institution housing the material.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Chaucer |
Chaucer,
Geoffrey. The |
5.8.13. A Letter
or Memo
There are three categories of letters.
Enter the published letter like a work in a collection,
adding the date of the letter and the number (if editor assigned one)
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Iqbal |
Iqbal,
Allama Muhammad. ”To Quaid-e-Azam.” |
If citing unpublished letter, enter like a
manuscript or typescript.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Iqbal |
Iqbal,
Allama Muhammad. Letter to Quaid-e-Azam. |
Treat memos similarly, replace the word Letter
with the word Memo where necessary.
5.8.14. A Legal
Source
Give the title of laws, acts and similar documents
and then their number and date
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
The |
The |
5.9 CITING ELECTRONIC
PUBLICATIONS
5.9.1. The Basic Entry: A Document from an Internet Site
These entries have five main divisions
Author’s name. Title of the document. Information about print publication. Information about electronic publication. Access Information
Author’s name. Surname, First Name.
Title
of the book. Title
of the Document: subtitle of the document.
Information about print publication Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication. (in case of journals do not give the name of city)
Information about electronic publication Title of the site, the date of electronic publication or last update, and the name of sponsoring institution.
Access Information The date when you viewed the article, the URL of the site, add the access-mode identifier (http, ftp, gopher, telnet, etc.). In case the URLs are too long to cite. Give only the URL of home page of the site.
Download or print the source, so that you can
verify it if it is inaccessible.
Sometimes additional information is required. This
is list shows most of the possible components of an entry for an internet
publication and the order in which they are normally arranged.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Vision of GC University |
“Vision
of GC University.” GC University |
5.9.2. An Entire Internet Site
For online scholarly projects and journals follow
the example given below,
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Encyclopaedia Britannica |
Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 2002. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 15 May 2007 <http://www.britannica.com> |
5.9.2.a. A Home Page for a Course
Begin the entry with the name of the instructor,
and the title of the course, and then description such as Course home page, the
dates of the course, the name so the department and the institution, the date
of access, and the URL
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Khan |
Khan, Islam Ullah. Professing Inorganic Material Chemistry. Course page. 24 May 2007. Department of Chemistry, GC U. 19 May 2007 < http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Chem.htm#Courses > |
Give the name of department with description such as Dept. home page, etc.,
the name of institution, the access date, and the URL
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
|
Department
of Statistics. < http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Stat.htm> |
5.9.2.c A Personal Home Page
Give the name of creator, title of site, or if
there is no title, with te h description hom page, the date last update, if
given: the date of access and the URL.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Mehmood |
Mehmood,
Khalid. Home page. 12 May 2004. 21 Apr. 2007 < http://eprints.rclis.org/archive/00001630/01/index.html>
|
5.9.3. An Online Book
The typical entry for a complete online book
consists of the following items:
1.
Give the name of author, editor, compiler, or a translator followed by appropriate
abbreviation (editor ed, compiler comp, translator. tran).
2.
Title of the work
3.
Name of the editor
4.
Publication information for the original print version, if given in the
source
5.
Electronic publication information
6.
date of access and URL for the book
5.9.3.a. An Entire Online Book
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Hendry |
Hendry,
David F. Dynamic Econometrics. |
5.9.3.b. A Part of Online Book
Place the title of the part in quotation mark between
title and author.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Hendry |
Hendry,
David F. “Dynamic Systems” Dynamic Econometrics. |
5.9.3.c. An Online Governmental Publication
Given with the same facts given for printed
government works, and conclude with information appropriate to the electronic
source.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Government of |
Government
of |
5.9.4. An Article in an Online Periodical
The typical entry for a complete online periodical
consists of the following items:
1.
Give the name of author, editor, compiler, or a translator followed by
appropriate abbreviation (ed., comp., trans.).
2.
Title of the work
3.
Name of periodical
4.
Volume number, issue number, or other identifying number
5.
Date of publication
6.
The number range or total number of pages, paragraphs, or other sections,
if they are numbered
7.
Date of access
8.
URL of the site
5.9.4.a. An
Article in a Scholarly Journal
Scholarly journals are available online
independently or as part of an archival database of journals. If the journal is
included within a database, state the name of the database after the print information
for the article: follow with the date of access and the relevant URL within the
database.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Tolson 10 |
Tolson,
Nancy. “Making Books Available: The Role of Early Libraries,
Librarians, and Booksellers in the Promotion of African American Children’s
Literature.” African American Review 32 (1998): 9-16. JSTOR |
5.9.4.b. An
Article in A Newspaper or on a Newswire
Follow the example given below.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Sharfuddin 6 |
Sharfuddin,
Syed. “Muslim states & democracy.” Dawn |
5.9.4.c. An
Article in a Magazine
Follow the example given below.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Shera |
Shera, A Samad. “Mothers of the world, unite!” Dawn Magazine 6 May 2007. 25 May 2007 < http://dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/070513/dmag1.htm > |
5.9.4.d. A
Review
Follow the example given below.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Piracha |
Piracha,
Imtiaz. “No place to hide” Rev. of |
5.9.4.e. An
Abstract
Follow the example given below.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Aftab |
Aftab,
Omar, and Fahd Khalid Syed. “Malaria: yet another war for |
5.9.4.f. An Anonymous Article
Follow the example given below.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
|
“NALDI Chips” Science Magazine. 25 May 2007. 29 May 2007 < http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl> |
5.9.4.g. An
Editorial
Follow the example given below.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
|
“New Life for Systematics” Editorial. Science Magazine. 25 May 2007. 29 May 2007 < http://www.sciencemag.org/current.dtl> |
5.9.4.h. A
Letter to Editor
Follow the example given below.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Ahmed |
Ahmed, Aqeel. Letter. Internet Edition
of the Dawn. |
5.9.4.i. A
Serialized Article
Follow the example given below.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Levy |
Levy,
Clifford J. “For Mentally III, Death and Misery” New York Times on the
Web. |
5.9.5. A Publication on CD-ROM, Diskette, or
Magnetic Tapes
Followings are the important differences between
entry of A Print Source and a CD-ROM, diskette, and magnetic tape.
Publication Medium: You must state the publication medium (CD-ROM,
diskette, or magnetic tape) in order to differentiate the source from its
possible print or online counterpart.
Vendor’s name: the person or groups responsible for supplying the information in
publication on CD-ROM, diskette, and magnetic taps are sometimes also the
publishers of the works. It is important to state the vendor’s name in your
works-cited list, if it is given in your source, because the information
provider may have leased electronic versions of the data to more than one
vendor, and the versions may not be identical.
Publication dates: Many databases published on CD-ROM, diskette, or
magnetic tape are up-dated regularly. Updates add information and may also
correct or otherwise alter information that previously appeared in the
database. Therefore, a works-cited list entry for material derived from such a
database commonly contains the date of the document used, as indicated in the
source, as well as the publication date (or date of the most recent updating)
of the database.
5.9.5.a. A Non-periodical Publication on CD-ROM,
Diskette, or Magnetic Tapes
Cite this type of publication as you would a book
but add a description of the medium of publication. Since the information
provider and the publisher are usually the same for such publication, no
vendor’s name appears, and only one publication date is given. The typical
works-cited-list entry for the source consists of the following items:
If not find some of this information, cite what is
available.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
|
|
If publication information for a printed source or
printed analogue is indicated, begin the citation with that information.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
|
The |
If you are citing only a part of the work, state
which part, if the part is a book-length work, italic the title; if the part is
a shorter work like an article, an essay, a poem, or a short story, enclose the
title in quotation marks. If the source supplies page numbers, paragraph
numbers, screen numbers, or some other kind of section number, state their
total if the numbering starts over with each part, but state the range of the
numbers in the part if a single numbering encompasses al the parts.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Albatross |
“Albatross.” The |
5.9.5.b. Material from a Periodical Published
Database on CD-ROM
To cite the work in this category, begin with the
publication data for the printed source or printed analogue, as identified in
the CD-ROM publication. Typical works-cited-list entry consists of the
following items.
1.
Give the name of author
2.
Publication information for the printed source or printed analogue
(including title and date of print publication)
3.
Title of the Database (Italic)
4.
Publication medium (CD-ROM)
5.
Name of Vendor (if relevant)
6.
Electronic publication date
If not find some of this information, cite what is
available.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Reese |
Reese, Elaine, Catherine A. Haden, and Robyn Fivush. “Mothers, Fathers, Daughters, Sons: Gender Differences in Autobiographical Reminiscing.” Research on Language and Social Interaction. 29 (1996): 27-56. Abstract. Sociofile. CD-ROM. SilverPlatter. Dec. 1996. |
5.9.5.c. A Multidisc Publication
If you are documenting a CD-ROM publication of
more than one disc, follow the publication medium (CD-ROM) either with the
total number of discs or with a specific disc number if you use material from
only one.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
|
|
5.9.6. A Work in More Than One Publication Medium
If the work you are citing is published in more
than one medium (e.g., a CD-ROM and a diskette), cite only the media you used
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
|
|
5.9.7. A Work From a Library or Personal
Subscription Service
There are two types of online subscription
services
Library Systems Subscribe
To cite the material taken from such a service,
complete the citation by stating the name of the database. , if known; the name
of the service; the name ot the library or library system. the work you are
citing is published in more than one medium (e.g., a CD-ROM and a diskette),
cite only the media you used
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
|
|
5.9.8. A Work in an Indeterminate Medium
If you cannot determine the medium of a source-
for example, if you access material through a local network and cannot tell
whether the work is stored on the central computer’s hard drive or on a
CD-ROM-use the designation electronic for the medium.
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
|
Bartlett, John. Familiar Quotation.
Boton: Little, 1901. |
5.9.9. Other Electronic Sources
5.9.9.a. A Television or Radio Program
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Bilal |
Bilal, Ahmad. ZIC Motor Oil. |
5.9.9.b. A Sound Recording or Sound Clip
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
McFerrin, Bobby |
McFerrin, Bobby. “Kalimba Suite.” Beyond Words. Blue Notes, 2002. 21 May 2002 <http://www.liquid.com/promo/fulfill?key+3e9d38799614> |
5.9.9.c. A Film or Film Clip
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Kurosaw |
Kurosawa, Akira, dir. Throne of
Blood. 1957. Mecbeth. By William Shakespeare. Ed. A. R.
Braunmuller. CD-ROM. |
5.9.9.d. A Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Evans |
Evans, |
5.9.9.e. An Interview
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Musharaf |
Mushraf, Pervez. Interview. Interview
with General Pervez Musharraf. May 2001. |
5.9.9.f. A Map
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Map
of |
“Map of |
5.9.9.g. A Cartoon or Comic Strip
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Iqbal |
Iqbal, Javed. “Education in |
5.9.9.h. An Advertisement
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Tapal Danedar |
Tapal Danedar. Advertisement. |
5.9.9.i. A Manuscript or working paper
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
God is Our Help to Success |
God is Our Help to success. Organization
Islamic Architecture. |
5.9.9.j. An Email communication
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Pervez |
Pervez, Khalid. “Bibliographic Citation
Workshop.” Email to Abdul Waheed. |
5.9.9.k. An online posting
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
Ahmed |
Ahmed, Iftikhar. “rules to be close to
Allah.” Online posting. |
5.9.9.l. Downloaded computer software
|
IN TEXT |
REF LIST |
|
MS Word |
MS Word 2003. |