CHAPTER 5

DOCUMENTATION: PREPARING THE LIST OF WORKED CITED

5.1. DOCUMENTING SOURCES

Nearly all research builds on previous research. Researchers commonly begin a project by studying past work in the area and deriving relevant information and ideas from their predecessors. This process is largely responsible for the continual expansion of human knowledge. In presenting their work, researchers generously acknowledge their debts to predecessors by carefully documenting each source, so that earlier contributions receive appropriate credit.

As you prepare your paper, you should similarly seek to build on the work of previous writers and researchers. And whenever you draw on another's work, you must also document your source by indicating what you borrowed—whether facts, opinions, or quotations—and where you borrowed it from. If you have not already done so, read carefully the earlier section on plagiarism (ch. 2) to learn what you must document in your paper.

5.2. MLA STYLE

In MLA documentation style, you acknowledge your sources by keying brief parenthetical citations in your text to an alphabetical list of works that appears at the end of the paper. The parenthetical citation that concludes the following sentence is typical of MLA style.

Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).

The citation "(Marcuse 197)" tells readers that the information in the sentence was derived from page 197 of a work by an author named Marcuse. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the works-cited list, where, under the name Marcuse, they would find the following information.

Marcuse, Sibyl. A Survey of Musical Instruments. New York: Harper, 1975.

This entry states that the work's author is Sibyl Marcuse and its title is A Survey of Musical Instruments. The remaining information relates, in shortened form, that the work was published in New York City by Harper and Row in 1975.

A citation in MLA style contains only enough information to enable readers to find the source in the works-cited list. If the author's name is mentioned in the text, only the page number appears in the citation: "(197)." If more than one work by the author is in the list of works cited, a shortened version of the title is given: "(Marcuse, Survey 197)." (See ch. 6 for a fuller discussion of parenthetical citations in MLA style.)

MLA style is not the only way to document sources. Many disciplines have their own documentation systems. MLA style is widely used in the humanities. Although generally simpler and more economical than other documentation styles, it shares with most others its central feature: parenthetical citations keyed to a works-cited list. If you learn MLA documentation style at an early stage in your school career, you will probably have little difficulty in adapting to other styles.

Documentation styles differ according to discipline because they are shaped by the kind of research and scholarship undertaken. For example, in the sciences, where timeliness of research is crucial, the date of publication is usually given prominence. Thus, in the style recommended by the American Psychological Association (APA), a typical citation includes the date of publication (as well as the abbreviation p. before the page number). Compare APA and MLA parenthetical citations for the same source.

APA

(Marcuse, 1975, p. 197) MLA

(Marcuse 197)

In the humanities, where most important scholarship remains relevant for a substantial period, publication dates receive less attention: though always stated in the works-cited list, they are omitted in parenthetical references. An important reason for this omission is that many humanities scholars like to keep their texts as readable and as free of disruptions as possible.

In an entry for a hook in an APA-style works-cited list, the date (in parentheses) immediately follows the name of the author (whose first name is written only as an initial), just the first word of the title is capitalized, and the publisher's full name is generally provided. In APA style, the titles of books and journals are italicized.

APA

Marcuse, S. (1975). A survey of musical instruments. New York: Harper & Row.

By contrast, in an MLA-style entry, the author's name appears as given in the work (normally in full), every important word of the title is capitalized, the publisher's name is shortened, and the publication date is placed at the end. A hook title is underlined (on underlining vs. italics, see 3.3). In both styles, the first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and second and subsequent lines are indented.

MLA

Marcuse, Sibyl. A Survey of Musical Instruments. New York: Harper,

1975.

Chapters 5 and 6 offer an authoritative and comprehensive presentation of MLA style. For descriptions of other systems of documentation, including one using endnotes and footnotes, see appendix.

5.3. THE LIST OF WORKS CITED AND OTHER SOURCE LISTS

Although the list of works cited appears at the end of your paper, you need to draft the section in advance, so that you will know what information to give in parenthetical references as you write. For example, you have to include shortened titles if you cite two or more works by the same author. and you have to add initials or first names if two of the cited authors have the same last name: "(K. Roemer 123—24)." "(M. Roemer 67)." This chapter therefore explains how to prepare a list of works cited, and the next chapter demonstrates how to document sources where you use them in your text.

As the heading Works Cited indicates, this list contains all the works that you will cite in your text. The list simplifies documentation by permitting you to make only brief references to these works in the text. For example, when you have the following entry in your list of works cited, a citation such as "(Thompson 32—35)" fully identifies your source to readers (provided that you cite no other work by an author with the same last name).     '

Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. New York: Dryden, 1946.

Other names for such a listing are Bibliography (literally, "description of books") and Literuture Cited. Usually, however, the broader title Works Cited is most appropriate, since research papers often draw not only on books and articles but also on films, recordings, television programs, and other nonprint sources.

Titles used for other kinds of source lists include Annotated Bibliography, Works Consulted, and Selected Bibliography. An annotated bibliography, also called Annotated List of Works Cited, contains descriptive or evaluative comments on the sources. (For more information on such listings, see James L. Harner, On Compiling an Annotated Bibliography, 2nd ed. [New York: MLA, 20001.)

Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. New York. Dryden, 1946. A comprehensive survey of the most popular folktales, including their histories and their uses in literary works.

The title Works Consulted indicates that the list is not confined to works cited in the paper. The heading Selected Bibliography, or Selected List of Works Consulted, is appropriate for lists suggesting readings in the field.

5.4. FORMAT OF THE LIST OF WORKS CITED

The list of works cited appears at the end of the paper. Begin the list on a new page and number each page, continuing the page numbers of the text. For example, if the text of your research paper ends on page 10. the works-cited list begins on page 11. The page number appears in the upper right-hand corner, half an inch from the top and flush with the right margin (see fig. 14, on the next page). Center the title, Works Cited, an inch from the top of the page. Double-space between the title and the first entry. Begin each entry flush with the left margin; if an entry runs more than one line, indent the subsequent line or lines one-half inch (or five spaces if you are using a typewriter) from the left margin. This format is sometimes called hanging indention, and you can set your word processor to create it automatically for a group of paragraphs. Hanging indention makes alphabetical lists easier to use. Double-space the entire list, both between and within entries. Continue the list on as many pages as necessary

5.5. Arrangement of Entries

In general, alphabetize entries in the list of works cited by the author's last name, using the letter-by-letter system. In this system, the alphabetical order of names is determined by the letters before the commas that separate last names and first names. Spaces and other punctuation marks are ignored. The letters after the commas are considered only when two or more last names are identical. The following examples are alphabetized letter by letter. (For more information on alphabetizing foreign names, see 3.11.)

Descartes, Rene De Sica, Vittorio

MacDonald, George McCullers, Carson

Morris, Robert Morris, William Morrison, Toni

Saint-Exupery, Antoine de St. Denis, Ruth

If two or more entries citing coauthors begin with the same name, alphabetize by the last names of the second authors listed.

Scholes, Robert, and Robert Kellogg

Scholes, Robert, Carl H. Klaus, and Michael Silverman Scholes, Robert, and Eric S. Rabkin

If the author's name is unknown, alphabetize by the title, ignoring any initial A, An, or The. For example, the title An Encyclopedia of the Latin-American Novel would be alphabetized under e rather than a. An alphabetical listing makes it easy for the reader to find the entry corresponding to a citation in the text.

Other kinds of bibliographies may be arranged differently. An annotated list, a list of works consulted, or a list of selected readings for a historical study, for example, may be organized chronologically by publication date. A list may be broken down into primary and secondary sources or into different research media (books, articles, recordings). Alternatively, it may be arranged by subject matter (literature and law, law in literature, law as literature by period (classical utopia, Renaissance utopia), or by area (Egyptian mythology, Greek mythology, Norse mythology).

5.6 CITING B00KS AND OTHER NONPERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS

The entries in MLA reference list characteristically have three main divisions:-

1.Author’s name  2.Title of the book  3.Publication information

1.Author’s name.                      Surname, First Name.

2.Title of the book.                  Title of the Book: subtitle of the Book.

3.Publication information.          Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Sample Entry for a Book in reference list:

Aijazuddin, F.S. Lahore recollected: an album. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2004.

The entries in MLA in text reference have two main divisions

Author’s last name and page number of publication

Sample Entry for a Book: In Text Reference:

(Aijazuddin 121)

NOTE:

References in the text must clearly point to specific sources in the list of works cited. Identify the location of borrowed information as specifically as possible. Some examples are given below,

1. Aftab has argued this point (35-39)
2. This point has already bee argued (Aftab 35-39)
3. “I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State.” (Iqbal 3)

5.6.1. Books with Single Author.

5.6.2. An Anthology or a Compilation.

To cite anthology or a compilation bibliography etc. that was edited or compiled by someone, use the abbreviations ed. for editor, and comp. for compiler, followed by a comma.

5.6.3. Two or More Books by the Same Author

Give the name in the first entry only. Thereafter, in place of the name, type three hyphens, followed by a period and the title.

5.6.4. Books by Two Authors

Give the names of authors in the same order as on the title page. Reverse only the name of first author, add a comma, and give the other name in normal form (First name and last name).

5.6.5. Books by Three Authors

Give the names of authors in the same order as on the title page. Reverse only the name of first author, add a comma, and give the other names in normal form (First name and last name).

5.6.6. A Book by Corporate Author

A corporate author is any group whose individual members are not identified on the title page of publication. Corporate authors may be a commission, and association, or a committee etc. Do not reverse the corporate names.

5.6.7. A Work in an Anthology

To cite an essay, a short story, a poem, or another work that appears within an anthology or some other book collection, start the entry with the author and write the title of the piece in quotation marks. Italic the title of the anthology. 

5.6.8. An Article in a Reference Book (Encyclopedia Entries etc.)

For familiar reference book no need to give publication information.

If article is signed, give author’s name first, if it is unsigned give title first. Write the title of the piece in quotation marks. If articles are arranged alphabetically, you may omit the volume and page numbers.

If you are citing a specific definition, among several, add abbreviation def. for definition followed by the title of piece of information.

For less familiar reference book give complete publication information.

5.6.9. An Introduction, a Preface, a Foreword, or an Afterword

Use Introduction, Preface, Foreword, Afterword according to the cited piece of publication. If the writer of the piece and the work is the same, use the last name of the author after the title information starting with the word by

If the writer of the piece and the work are different, start with the name of author of the piece and use the name of author of the work, in normal form, after the title information starting with the word By.

If introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword has a title, give the title enclosed in quotation marks, immediately before the name of piece.

5.6.10. Cross-Reference

To avoid unnecessary repetition in citing two or more works from the same collection, you may create a complete entry for the collection and cross-reference individual pieces to the entry. In a cross-reference, state the author and the title of the piece, the last name of the editor of the collection, and the inclusive page numbers. If the piece is a translation, add the name of the translator after the title, unless one person translated the entire volume.

5.6.11. An Anonymous Book

Start the entry with the name of work. Ignore the articles (A, An, or The) in the order of the reference list.

5.6.12. An Edition

Every published book is, in at least one sense, an edition: for example, a book may be a first edition, a second edition, and so forth. Researchers also use the term edition, however, to denote a work that was prepared for publication by someone other than the author-by an editor, for example, a 2003 printing of Shakespeare’s Hamlet was obviously not prepared for publication by Shakespeare. An editor selected a version of Hamlet from the various versions available, decided on any change in spelling or punctuation, and perhaps added explanatory notes or wrote an introduction, this 2003 version of Hamlet would be called and “edition,” and the editor’s name would most likely appear on the title page along with Shakespeare’s.

5.6.13. A Translation

Write the author of original work first after inverting his/her name. Then title of the work and then give the translator’s name, preceded by Trans (Translated By).

5.6.14. A Book Published in a Second or Subsequent Edition

Identify the edition in your entry by number (2^nd ed., 3^rd ed., 4^th ed., 5^th ed.) and use the abbreviations Rev. ed., for Revised edition,; Abr. Ed., for Abridged edition, or by year (2003 ed.)

5.6.15. A Multivolume Work

Give the total numbers of volumes in the work, after the title information. Use the abbreviation Vols. for volumes. Specific References to volume and page numbers in the in text reference.

5.6.16. A Book in a Series

Give the series name and series numbers followed by a period, before the publication information. Use the abbreviation Ser. if series is part of the name of the Series.

5.6.17. A Republished Book

Examples of republished books are paperback version of a book originally published in a hard bound version or republished by another publisher. Give the original publication date (publication date of first edition) followed by a period, before the publication information. 

New material added to the republication, such as an introduction, should be cited after the original publication facts. 

If title change in reproduction, first state the new title and publication information and after it the original title followed by Rpt. of (Reprint of), and its publication information. 

5.6.18. A Publisher’s Imprint

State the imprint and follow it by a hyphen and the name of the publisher.

5.6.19. A Book with Multiple Publishers

If there are two or more publishers, not two or more offices of the same publisher, give their names in publication information and separate them by a semicolon between the two publishers

5.6.20. A Pamphlet

Give the title of the pamphlet and its publication information.

5.6.21. A Government Publication

If author is not given on the publication cite the government agency that issued it as an author. State the name of government first and then the name of governmental agency.

5.6.22. The Published Proceedings of a Conference

Treat these as a book, but add pertinent information about the conference (unless the book title includes such information)

5.6.23. A Book in a Language Other than English

Cite these as books in English

Author’s name. Title of the book. Publication information.

5.6.24. A Book Published Before 1900

To cite these books you may omit the name of the publisher.

5.6.25. A Book without Stated Publication Information or Pagination

Supply as much of the missing information as you can. For approximated date use c. (Circa= around)

If you are uncertain about the accuracy of the information you supply, add a question mark with that piece of information. Use the following abbreviations for information you cannot supply.

n.p.                  No place of publication given

n.p.                  No publisher given

n.d.                  No date of publication given

n. pag.              No pagination given

5.6.26. An Unpublished Dissertation

Give the title of dissertation in quotation marks. Do italic or underline the title. After the title write Diss. for Dissertation, MA/MS thesis for master’s thesis. In the publication information give the name of university and the year. 

5.6.27. A Published Dissertation

Give the title of dissertation in italic. After the title write Diss. for Dissertation, MA/MS thesis for master’s thesis. After it write the name of university. You may add supplementary information at the end like order number etc. 

5.7 CITING ARTICLES AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS IN PERIODICALS

The entries in MLA reference (in text) have two main divisions

Author’s last name and page number of publication

Sample Entry for an article: In Text Reference:    (Cohen 10)

The entries in MLA (Citing List) characteristically have three main divisions

Author’s name. “Title of the article.” Publication information.

Author’s name.                         Surname, First Name.

Title of the article                      Title of the article: subtitle of the article.

Publication information.              Title of the publication, the volume number (year of publication): page numbers

Omit introductory articles in the title of the journals (a, an, the). Do not use any abbreviation for Volume.

The possible components of an entry for an article in a periodical is given below

Authors’ name

Title of the article

Name of the periodical

Series number or name

Volume number

Issue number

Date of publication

Page numbers supplementary information

5.7.1. An Article in a Scholarly Journal with Continuous Pagination.

If pages are in this sequence

Volume 1

1^st issue                        1-202

2^nd issue                       203-400

3^rd issue                        401-556

4^th issue                        557-600

Volume 2

1^st issue                        1-198

2^nd issue                       199-415

3^rd issue                        416-510

4^th issue                        511-700

The journal belongs to this category

5.7.2. An Article in a Scholarly Journal That Pages Each Issue Separately.

If pages are in this sequence

Volume 1

1^st issue                        1-202

2^nd issue                       1-198

3^rd issue                        1-223

4^th issue                        1-250

Volume 2

1^st issue                        1-198

2^nd issue                       1-221

3^rd issue                        1-119

4^th issue                        1-202

The journal belongs to this category. Add a period and the issue number directly after the volume number without any intervening space.

5.7.3. An Article in a Scholarly Journal That Uses Only Issue Numbers

Give issue numbers in place of volume number

5.7.4. An Article in a Scholarly Journal with More Than One Series

Write the number of series in Arabic digit with suffix (1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th, 5^th) and the abbreviation ser. between title and the volume of the journal.

5.7.5. An Article in a Newspaper

Omit introductory articles in the name of the Newspaper (a, an, the). Give the city name for local newspapers. For national or international Newspapers no need to give city name. Give the complete date-day, month, and year. Use abbreviations for all the months except May, June, and July. Give the edition if important. Write down the page numbers.

5.7.6. An Article in a Magazine

To cite a magazine published every week or every two weeks, give th3 completer date, followed by a colon and the inclusive page number of the article.

5.7.7. A Review

Give the reviewer’s name and the title of the review, and then write Rev. of before the title of the work reviewed, a comma, the word by, and the name of author. 

5.7.8. An Abstract in an Abstracts Journal

Give the article information first and then the relevant information for the journal from which you derived the abstract.

5.7.9. An Anonymous Article

Begin the entry with the title of the article ignoring the articles (a, an, the)

5.7.10. An Editorial

Begins with author’s name, then title, and then the descriptive label editorial. If the editorial is unsigned, begin with the title and continue in the same way.

5.7.11. A Letter to Editor

Add the descriptive label letter after the name of author.

5.7.12. A Serialized Article

Include all the bibliographic information in one entry if each installment has the same author and title. Use semi colon between the two bibliographic information. 

5.7.13. A Special Issue

Begin the entry with the name of editor of the special issue followed by a comma and the abbreviation ed. Give the title of the special issue followed by “Spec. Issue of” and the name of journal. Then give all the information required for a periodical entry.

If the issue has be republished in book form, add the relevant information about the book (Publication information for Books)

If you are citing one article from the special issue, do not give the name of editor of the special issue. Start with the author of the article and then title of the article in quotation marks. Give the journal’s information on the previous pattern in special issue.

5.7.14. An Article in a Microform Collection of Articles

Give the complete information about the article in MLA Style and then add the relevant information concerning the microform from which you derived the article i.e. title of source (Italic), volume number, year (in parentheses), and appropriate identifying numbers.

5.7.15. An Article Reprinted in Loose-Leaf Collection of Articles

Give the complete information about the article in MLA Style and then add the relevant information concerning the loose-leaf volume in which the article is reprinted, treating the volume like a book.

5.8 CITING MISCELLANEOUS PRINT AND NONPRINT SOURCES

5.8.1. A television or Radio Program

Give the information in the following order.

• Title of the episode or segment, if appropriate (in quotation marks)
• Title of the program (italic)
• Title of series (if any)
• Name of network
• Call letters and city of the local station (if any)
• Broadcast date

If your reference is primarily to the work of a particular individual cite that person’s name before the title.

To cite a transcript of a program, add the description Transcript at the end of the entry.

To cite a music video for a song, begin the information about the song that is given before or after the video: performer, title of the song, title of album, name of manufacturer, and date of album. Follow this information with the descriptive label “Music Video, the name of the director of the video (if given), the channel, and the date you viewed the video.

5.8.2. A Sound Recording

Give the name of person (the composer, conductor, or performer) depends on the desired emphasis. Give the title of recording, the artist or artists, the manufacturer, and the year of issue. Place a comma between the manufacturer and the date; periods follow the other item. Indicate medium before the manufacturer’s name.

If you are citing a specific song, place its title in quotation marks.

5.8.3. A Film or Video Recording

Give the title of the source (Italic). Give the director, the distributor, and the year of release. All other necessary information like writer, performers and producer etc. may be given between the title and the distributor.

5.8.4. A Performance

Give the title of play, opera, ballet, or concert, then information about the director followed by the site of performance (theater and city), and then date of performance.

If you are citing the contribution of a particular individual or group, begin with the appropriate name.

5.8.5. A Musical Composition

Give the composer’s name, the title of opera, a ballet, or a piece of instrumental music identifies by name, number and key when used to identify an instrumental composition. Give the publisher’s details at the end.

5.8.6. A Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph

Give the artist’s name, the title of the work, name the institution that houses the work (Museum etc.) or for a work in a private collection, the individual who owns it, and follow the name by a comma and the city.

If the photograph has complete publication information for the source in which the photograph appears, give also the details of the same.

5.8.7. An Interview

There are three kinds of interviews.

• Published or recorded interview
• Interviews broadcast on television or radio
• Interviews conducted y the researcher

Begin with the name of person interviewed. If the interview is part of a publication, recording, or program, enclose the title of the interview, if any, in quotation marks and give other information as given in earlier sections of this publication.

If you do not want to use the name of interviewer then use description interview after the name of person interviewed.

To cite an interview that you conducted, give the name of the person interviewed, the kind of interview (personal, telephone, E-mail etc.), and the date or dates.

Cite like an anonymous book, and add the appropriate descriptive label map, chart, etc.

5.8.9. A Cartoon or Comic Strip

Give the artist’s name, title of the cartoon or comic strip (in quotation marks) and appropriate descriptive label. At the end give the publication information.

5.8.10. An Advertisement

Give the name of product, company, or institution that is the subject of the advertisement, followed by the descriptive label advertisement, and conclude with the usual publication information.

5.8.11. A Lecture, a Speech, an Address, or a Reading

Give the name of speaker; the title of the presentation in quotation marks; the meeting and the sponsoring organization; the location; and the date. If there is no title, use an appropriate descriptive label. (Address, Lecture, Keynote Speech, Reading etc.)

5.8.12. A Manuscript or Typescript

Give the author, the title or description of the material (e.g. Notebook), the form of the material (use ms. for manuscript, ts. for a typescript), and any identifying number assigned to it. Give the name and location of any library or other research institution housing the material.

5.8.13. A Letter or Memo

There are three categories of letters.

• Published letters
• Unpublished letters in archives
• Letters received by the researcher

Enter the published letter like a work in a collection, adding the date of the letter and the number (if editor assigned one)

If citing unpublished letter, enter like a manuscript or typescript.

Treat memos similarly, replace the word Letter with the word Memo where necessary. 

5.8.14. A Legal Source

Give the title of laws, acts and similar documents and then their number and date

5.9 CITING ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS

5.9.1. The Basic Entry: A Document from an Internet Site

These entries have five main divisions

Author’s name. Title of the document. Information about print publication. Information about electronic publication. Access Information

Author’s name.                                                 Surname, First Name.

Title of the book.                                              Title of the Document: subtitle of the document.

Information about print publication                    Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication. (in case of journals do not give the name of city)

Information about electronic publication             Title of the site, the date of electronic publication or last update, and the name of sponsoring institution.

Access Information                                           The date when you viewed the article, the URL of the site, add the access-mode identifier (http, ftp, gopher, telnet, etc.). In case the URLs are too long to cite. Give only the URL of home page of the site.

Download or print the source, so that you can verify it if it is inaccessible.

Sometimes additional information is required. This is list shows most of the possible components of an entry for an internet publication and the order in which they are normally arranged.

1. The name of the author, editor, compiler, or translator of the source
2. Title of an article, poem, short story, or similar short work in the internet site. Or title of a posting to a discussion list or forum, followed by description label online posting.
3. Title of book
4. Name of the editor, compiler, or translator of the text, preceded by the appropriate abbreviation, such as ED
5. Publication information for any print version of the source
6. Title of Internet site or, for a journal, the volume number, issue number, or other identifying number
7. Name of editor of the site
8. version number of the source or, for a journal, the volume number, issue number, or other identifying number
9. Date of electronic publication, or the latest update, or of posting
10. for a work from a subscription service, the name of the service and, if library or a consortium of libraries is the subscriber, the name and geographic location of the subscriber
11. For a posting  to a discussion list or forum, the name of the list or forum
12. the number range or total number of pages, paragraphs, or other sections, if they are numbered
13. Name of nay institution or organization sponsoring the site
14. date when the researcher accessed the source
15. URL of the source or, URL of site’s home page in case of long URL

5.9.2. An Entire Internet Site

For online scholarly projects and journals follow the example given below,

5.9.2.a. A Home Page for a Course

Begin the entry with the name of the instructor, and the title of the course, and then description such as Course home page, the dates of the course, the name so the department and the institution, the date of access, and the URL

 Give the name of department with description such as Dept. home page, etc., the name of institution, the access date, and the URL

5.9.2.c A Personal Home Page

Give the name of creator, title of site, or if there is no title, with te h description hom page, the date last update, if given: the date of access and the URL.

5.9.3. An Online Book

The typical entry for a complete online book consists of the following items:

1.      Give the name of author, editor, compiler, or a translator followed by appropriate abbreviation (editor ed, compiler comp, translator. tran).

2.      Title of the work

3.      Name of the editor

4.      Publication information for the original print version, if given in the source

5.      Electronic publication information

6.      date of access and URL for the book

5.9.3.a. An Entire Online Book

5.9.3.b. A Part of Online Book

Place the title of the part in quotation mark between title and author.

5.9.3.c. An Online Governmental Publication

Given with the same facts given for printed government works, and conclude with information appropriate to the electronic source.

5.9.4. An Article in an Online Periodical

The typical entry for a complete online periodical consists of the following items:

1.      Give the name of author, editor, compiler, or a translator followed by appropriate abbreviation (ed., comp., trans.).

2.      Title of the work

3.      Name of periodical

4.      Volume number, issue number, or other identifying number

5.      Date of publication

6.      The number range or total number of pages, paragraphs, or other sections, if they are numbered

7.      Date of access

8.      URL of the site

5.9.4.a. An Article in a Scholarly Journal

Scholarly journals are available online independently or as part of an archival database of journals. If the journal is included within a database, state the name of the database after the print information for the article: follow with the date of access and the relevant URL within the database.

5.9.4.b. An Article in A Newspaper or on a Newswire

Follow the example given below.

5.9.4.c. An Article in a Magazine

Follow the example given below.

5.9.4.d. A Review

Follow the example given below.

5.9.4.e. An Abstract

Follow the example given below.

5.9.4.f. An Anonymous Article

Follow the example given below.

5.9.4.g. An Editorial

Follow the example given below.

5.9.4.h. A Letter to Editor

Follow the example given below.

5.9.4.i. A Serialized Article

Follow the example given below.

5.9.5. A Publication on CD-ROM, Diskette, or Magnetic Tapes

Followings are the important differences between entry of A Print Source and a CD-ROM, diskette, and magnetic tape.

Publication Medium: You must state the publication medium (CD-ROM, diskette, or magnetic tape) in order to differentiate the source from its possible print or online counterpart.

Vendor’s name: the person or groups responsible for supplying the information in publication on CD-ROM, diskette, and magnetic taps are sometimes also the publishers of the works. It is important to state the vendor’s name in your works-cited list, if it is given in your source, because the information provider may have leased electronic versions of the data to more than one vendor, and the versions may not be identical. 

Publication dates: Many databases published on CD-ROM, diskette, or magnetic tape are up-dated regularly. Updates add information and may also correct or otherwise alter information that previously appeared in the database. Therefore, a works-cited list entry for material derived from such a database commonly contains the date of the document used, as indicated in the source, as well as the publication date (or date of the most recent updating) of the database.

5.9.5.a. A Non-periodical Publication on CD-ROM, Diskette, or Magnetic Tapes

Cite this type of publication as you would a book but add a description of the medium of publication. Since the information provider and the publisher are usually the same for such publication, no vendor’s name appears, and only one publication date is given. The typical works-cited-list entry for the source consists of the following items:

1. Give the name of author, editor, compiler, or a translator followed by appropriate abbreviation (ed., comp., trans.)
2. Title of the publication
3. Name of Editor, compiler, or translator (if relevant)      
4. Publication medium (CD-ROM, Diskette, or Magnetic tape)
5. Edition released or version (if relevant)
6. Place of publication
7. Name of Publisher
8. Date of Publication

If not find some of this information, cite what is available.

If publication information for a printed source or printed analogue is indicated, begin the citation with that information.

If you are citing only a part of the work, state which part, if the part is a book-length work, italic the title; if the part is a shorter work like an article, an essay, a poem, or a short story, enclose the title in quotation marks. If the source supplies page numbers, paragraph numbers, screen numbers, or some other kind of section number, state their total if the numbering starts over with each part, but state the range of the numbers in the part if a single numbering encompasses al the parts.

5.9.5.b. Material from a Periodical Published Database on CD-ROM

To cite the work in this category, begin with the publication data for the printed source or printed analogue, as identified in the CD-ROM publication. Typical works-cited-list entry consists of the following items. 

1.      Give the name of author

2.      Publication information for the printed source or printed analogue (including title and date of print publication)

3.      Title of the Database (Italic)           

4.      Publication medium (CD-ROM)

5.      Name of Vendor (if relevant)

6.      Electronic publication date

If not find some of this information, cite what is available.

5.9.5.c. A Multidisc Publication

If you are documenting a CD-ROM publication of more than one disc, follow the publication medium (CD-ROM) either with the total number of discs or with a specific disc number if you use material from only one.

5.9.6. A Work in More Than One Publication Medium

If the work you are citing is published in more than one medium (e.g., a CD-ROM and a diskette), cite only the media you used

5.9.7. A Work From a Library or Personal Subscription Service

There are two types of online subscription services

1. Library Systems Subscribe (EBSCO Host)
2. Individual Users Tend to Subscribe

Library Systems Subscribe

To cite the material taken from such a service, complete the citation by stating the name of the database. , if known; the name of the service; the name ot the library or library system. the work you are citing is published in more than one medium (e.g., a CD-ROM and a diskette), cite only the media you used

5.9.8. A Work in an Indeterminate Medium

If you cannot determine the medium of a source- for example, if you access material through a local network and cannot tell whether the work is stored on the central computer’s hard drive or on a CD-ROM-use the designation electronic for the medium.

5.9.9. Other Electronic Sources

5.9.9.a. A Television or Radio Program

5.9.9.b. A Sound Recording or Sound Clip

5.9.9.c. A Film or Film Clip

5.9.9.d. A Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph

5.9.9.e. An Interview

5.9.9.f. A Map

5.9.9.g. A Cartoon or Comic Strip

5.9.9.h. An Advertisement

5.9.9.i. A Manuscript or working paper

5.9.9.j. An Email communication

5.9.9.k. An online posting

5.9.9.l. Downloaded computer software