CHAPTER 5

DOCUMENTATION: PREPARING THE LIST OF WORKED CITED

5.1. DOCUMENTING SOURCES

Nearly all research builds on previous research. Researchers commonly begin a project by studying past work in the area and deriving relevant information and ideas from their predecessors. This process is largely responsible for the continual expansion of human knowledge. In presenting their work, researchers generously acknowledge their debts to predecessors by carefully documenting each source, so that earlier contributions receive appropriate credit.

As you prepare your paper, you should similarly seek to build on the work of previous writers and researchers. And whenever you draw on another's work, you must also document your source by indicating what you borrowed—whether facts, opinions, or quotations—and where you borrowed it from. If you have not already done so, read carefully the earlier section on plagiarism (ch. 2) to learn what you must document in your paper.

5.2. MLA STYLE

In MLA documentation style, you acknowledge your sources by keying brief parenthetical citations in your text to an alphabetical list of works that appears at the end of the paper. The parenthetical citation that concludes the following sentence is typical of MLA style.

Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC (Marcuse 197).

The citation "(Marcuse 197)" tells readers that the information in the sentence was derived from page 197 of a work by an author named Marcuse. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the works-cited list, where, under the name Marcuse, they would find the following information.

Marcuse, Sibyl. A Survey of Musical Instruments. New York: Harper, 1975.

This entry states that the work's author is Sibyl Marcuse and its title is A Survey of Musical Instruments. The remaining information relates, in shortened form, that the work was published in New York City by Harper and Row in 1975.

A citation in MLA style contains only enough information to enable readers to find the source in the works-cited list. If the author's name is mentioned in the text, only the page number appears in the citation: "(197)." If more than one work by the author is in the list of works cited, a shortened version of the title is given: "(Marcuse, Survey 197)." (See ch. 6 for a fuller discussion of parenthetical citations in MLA style.)

MLA style is not the only way to document sources. Many disciplines have their own documentation systems. MLA style is widely used in the humanities. Although generally simpler and more economical than other documentation styles, it shares with most others its central feature: parenthetical citations keyed to a works-cited list. If you learn MLA documentation style at an early stage in your school career, you will probably have little difficulty in adapting to other styles.

Documentation styles differ according to discipline because they are shaped by the kind of research and scholarship undertaken. For example, in the sciences, where timeliness of research is crucial, the date of publication is usually given prominence. Thus, in the style recommended by the American Psychological Association (APA), a typical citation includes the date of publication (as well as the abbreviation p. before the page number). Compare APA and MLA parenthetical citations for the same source.

APA

(Marcuse, 1975, p. 197) MLA

(Marcuse 197)

In the humanities, where most important scholarship remains relevant for a substantial period, publication dates receive less attention: though always stated in the works-cited list, they are omitted in parenthetical references. An important reason for this omission is that many humanities scholars like to keep their texts as readable and as free of disruptions as possible.

In an entry for a hook in an APA-style works-cited list, the date (in parentheses) immediately follows the name of the author (whose first name is written only as an initial), just the first word of the title is capitalized, and the publisher's full name is generally provided. In APA style, the titles of books and journals are italicized.

APA

Marcuse, S. (1975). A survey of musical instruments. New York: Harper & Row.

By contrast, in an MLA-style entry, the author's name appears as given in the work (normally in full), every important word of the title is capitalized, the publisher's name is shortened, and the publication date is placed at the end. A hook title is underlined (on underlining vs. italics, see 3.3). In both styles, the first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and second and subsequent lines are indented.

MLA

Marcuse, Sibyl. A Survey of Musical Instruments. New York: Harper,

1975.

Chapters 5 and 6 offer an authoritative and comprehensive presentation of MLA style. For descriptions of other systems of documentation, including one using endnotes and footnotes, see appendix.

5.3. THE LIST OF WORKS CITED AND OTHER SOURCE LISTS

Although the list of works cited appears at the end of your paper, you need to draft the section in advance, so that you will know what information to give in parenthetical references as you write. For example, you have to include shortened titles if you cite two or more works by the same author. and you have to add initials or first names if two of the cited authors have the same last name: "(K. Roemer 123—24)." "(M. Roemer 67)." This chapter therefore explains how to prepare a list of works cited, and the next chapter demonstrates how to document sources where you use them in your text.

As the heading Works Cited indicates, this list contains all the works that you will cite in your text. The list simplifies documentation by permitting you to make only brief references to these works in the text. For example, when you have the following entry in your list of works cited, a citation such as "(Thompson 32—35)" fully identifies your source to readers (provided that you cite no other work by an author with the same last name).     '

Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. New York: Dryden, 1946.

Other names for such a listing are Bibliography (literally, "description of books") and Literuture Cited. Usually, however, the broader title Works Cited is most appropriate, since research papers often draw not only on books and articles but also on films, recordings, television programs, and other nonprint sources.

Titles used for other kinds of source lists include Annotated Bibliography, Works Consulted, and Selected Bibliography. An annotated bibliography, also called Annotated List of Works Cited, contains descriptive or evaluative comments on the sources. (For more information on such listings, see James L. Harner, On Compiling an Annotated Bibliography, 2nd ed. [New York: MLA, 20001.)

Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. New York. Dryden, 1946. A comprehensive survey of the most popular folktales, including their histories and their uses in literary works.

The title Works Consulted indicates that the list is not confined to works cited in the paper. The heading Selected Bibliography, or Selected List of Works Consulted, is appropriate for lists suggesting readings in the field.

5.4. FORMAT OF THE LIST OF WORKS CITED

The list of works cited appears at the end of the paper. Begin the list on a new page and number each page, continuing the page numbers of the text. For example, if the text of your research paper ends on page 10. the works-cited list begins on page 11. The page number appears in the upper right-hand corner, half an inch from the top and flush with the right margin (see fig. 14, on the next page). Center the title, Works Cited, an inch from the top of the page. Double-space between the title and the first entry. Begin each entry flush with the left margin; if an entry runs more than one line, indent the subsequent line or lines one-half inch (or five spaces if you are using a typewriter) from the left margin. This format is sometimes called hanging indention, and you can set your word processor to create it automatically for a group of paragraphs. Hanging indention makes alphabetical lists easier to use. Double-space the entire list, both between and within entries. Continue the list on as many pages as necessary

5.5. Arrangement of Entries

In general, alphabetize entries in the list of works cited by the author's last name, using the letter-by-letter system. In this system, the alphabetical order of names is determined by the letters before the commas that separate last names and first names. Spaces and other punctuation marks are ignored. The letters after the commas are considered only when two or more last names are identical. The following examples are alphabetized letter by letter. (For more information on alphabetizing foreign names, see 3.11.)

Descartes, Rene De Sica, Vittorio

MacDonald, George McCullers, Carson

Morris, Robert Morris, William Morrison, Toni

Saint-Exupery, Antoine de St. Denis, Ruth

If two or more entries citing coauthors begin with the same name, alphabetize by the last names of the second authors listed.

Scholes, Robert, and Robert Kellogg

Scholes, Robert, Carl H. Klaus, and Michael Silverman Scholes, Robert, and Eric S. Rabkin

If the author's name is unknown, alphabetize by the title, ignoring any initial A, An, or The. For example, the title An Encyclopedia of the Latin-American Novel would be alphabetized under e rather than a. An alphabetical listing makes it easy for the reader to find the entry corresponding to a citation in the text.

Other kinds of bibliographies may be arranged differently. An annotated list, a list of works consulted, or a list of selected readings for a historical study, for example, may be organized chronologically by publication date. A list may be broken down into primary and secondary sources or into different research media (books, articles, recordings). Alternatively, it may be arranged by subject matter (literature and law, law in literature, law as literature by period (classical utopia, Renaissance utopia), or by area (Egyptian mythology, Greek mythology, Norse mythology).

5.6 CITING B00KS AND OTHER NONPERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS

The entries in MLA reference list characteristically have three main divisions:-

1.Author’s name  2.Title of the book  3.Publication information

1.Author’s name.                      Surname, First Name.

2.Title of the book.                  Title of the Book: subtitle of the Book.

3.Publication information.          Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

Sample Entry for a Book in reference list:

Aijazuddin, F.S. Lahore recollected: an album. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2004.

The entries in MLA in text reference have two main divisions

Author’s last name and page number of publication

Sample Entry for a Book: In Text Reference:

(Aijazuddin 121)

NOTE:

References in the text must clearly point to specific sources in the list of works cited. Identify the location of borrowed information as specifically as possible. Some examples are given below,

1. Aftab has argued this point (35-39)
2. This point has already bee argued (Aftab 35-39)
3. “I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State.” (Iqbal 3)

5.6.1. Books with Single Author.

5.6.2. An Anthology or a Compilation.

To cite anthology or a compilation bibliography etc. that was edited or compiled by someone, use the abbreviations ed. for editor, and comp. for compiler, followed by a comma.

5.6.3. Two or More Books by the Same Author

Give the name in the first entry only. Thereafter, in place of the name, type three hyphens, followed by a period and the title.

5.6.4. Books by Two Authors

Give the names of authors in the same order as on the title page. Reverse only the name of first author, add a comma, and give the other name in normal form (First name and last name).

5.6.5. Books by Three Authors

Give the names of authors in the same order as on the title page. Reverse only the name of first author, add a comma, and give the other names in normal form (First name and last name).

5.6.6. A Book by Corporate Author

A corporate author is any group whose individual members are not identified on the title page of publication. Corporate authors may be a commission, and association, or a committee etc. Do not reverse the corporate names.

5.6.7. A Work in an Anthology

To cite an essay, a short story, a poem, or another work that appears within an anthology or some other book collection, start the entry with the author and write the title of the piece in quotation marks. Italic the title of the anthology. 

5.6.8. An Article in a Reference Book (Encyclopedia Entries etc.)

For familiar reference book no need to give publication information.

If article is signed, give author’s name first, if it is unsigned give title first. Write the title of the piece in quotation marks. If articles are arranged alphabetically, you may omit the volume and page numbers.

If you are citing a specific definition, among several, add abbreviation def. for definition followed by the title of piece of information.

For less familiar reference book give complete publication information.

5.6.9. An Introduction, a Preface, a Foreword, or an Afterword

Use Introduction, Preface, Foreword, Afterword according to the cited piece of publication. If the writer of the piece and the work is the same, use the last name of the author after the title information starting with the word by

If the writer of the piece and the work are different, start with the name of author of the piece and use the name of author of the work, in normal form, after the title information starting with the word By.

If introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword has a title, give the title enclosed in quotation marks, immediately before the name of piece.

5.6.10. Cross-Reference

To avoid unnecessary repetition in citing two or more works from the same collection, you may create a complete entry for the collection and cross-reference individual pieces to the entry. In a cross-reference, state the author and the title of the piece, the last name of the editor of the collection, and the inclusive page numbers. If the piece is a translation, add the name of the translator after the title, unless one person translated the entire volume.

5.6.11. An Anonymous Book

Start the entry with the name of work. Ignore the articles (A, An, or The) in the order of the reference list.

5.6.12. An Edition

Every published book is, in at least one sense, an edition: for example, a book may be a first edition, a second edition, and so forth. Researchers also use the term edition, however, to denote a work that was prepared for publication by someone other than the author-by an editor, for example, a 2003 printing of Shakespeare’s Hamlet was obviously not prepared for publication by Shakespeare. An editor selected a version of Hamlet from the various versions available, decided on any change in spelling or punctuation, and perhaps added explanatory notes or wrote an introduction, this 2003 version of Hamlet would be called and “edition,” and the editor’s name would most likely appear on the title page along with Shakespeare’s.

5.6.13. A Translation

Write the author of original work first after inverting his/her name. Then title of the work and then give the translator’s name, preceded by Trans (Translated By).

5.6.14. A Book Published in a Second or Subsequent Edition

Identify the edition in your entry by number (2^nd ed., 3^rd ed., 4^th ed., 5^th ed.) and use the abbreviations Rev. ed., for Revised edition,; Abr. Ed., for Abridged edition, or by year (2003 ed.)

5.6.15. A Multivolume Work

Give the total numbers of volumes in the work, after the title information. Use the abbreviation Vols. for volumes. Specific References to volume and page numbers in the in text reference.

5.6.16. A Book in a Series

Give the series name and series numbers followed by a period, before the publication information. Use the abbreviation Ser. if series is part of the name of the Series.

5.6.17. A Republished Book

Examples of republished books are paperback version of a book originally published in a hard bound version or republished by another publisher. Give the original publication date (publication date of first edition) followed by a period, before the publication information. 

New material added to the republication, such as an introduction, should be cited after the original publication facts. 

If title change in reproduction, first state the new title and publication information and after it the original title followed by Rpt. of (Reprint of), and its publication information. 

5.6.18. A Publisher’s Imprint

State the imprint and follow it by a hyphen and the name of the publisher.

5.6.19. A Book with Multiple Publishers

If there are two or more publishers, not two or more offices of the same publisher, give their names in publication information and separate them by a semicolon between the two publishers

5.6.20. A Pamphlet

Give the title of the pamphlet and its publication information.

5.6.21. A Government Publication

If author is not given on the publication cite the government agency that issued it as an author. State the name of government first and then the name of governmental agency.

5.6.22. The Published Proceedings of a Conference

Treat these as a book, but add pertinent information about the conference (unless the book title includes such information)

5.6.23. A Book in a Language Other than English

Cite these as books in English

Author’s name. Title of the book. Publication information.

5.6.24. A Book Published Before 1900

To cite these books you may omit the name of the publisher.